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abbr.= abbreviated |
esp.= especially |
Heb.= Hebrew |
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lit.= literally |
n= noun |
pl.= plural |
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pron.= pronounced |
usu.= usually |
v= verb |
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Yid.= Yiddish |
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The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה,
"repetition"), redacted circa 200 CE by
Yehudah Ha-Nasi (יהודה הנשׂיא / "Judah the
Prince"), is the first written recording
of the oral law of the Jewish people, as
championed by the Pharisees, and as
debated between 70-200 CE by the group of
rabbinic sages known as the Tannaim.[1] It
is considered the first work of Rabbinic
Judaism and is a major source of Rabbinic
Judaism's religious texts: Rabbinic
commentaries on the Mishnah over the three
centuries[2] after its composition were
then redacted as the Gemara (Aramaic:
"Tradition"), and joined with the Mishnah
to form the Talmud.
In early Jewish history, the "Oral Torah"
or "oral law" was an unwritten tradition
based upon what Judaism holds God to have
told Moses on Mount Sinai that was not
incorporated into the written Torah.
However, rabbinic tradition holds that the
oral laws were recorded by Rabbi Yehudah
HaNasi, referred to in the text simply as
"rabbi," when the passage of time and the
persecution of the Jews raised the
possibility that the details would be
forgotten. In the subsequent centuries,
commentaries on the Mishnah known as the
Gemara (Aramaic: "Tradition") were
compiled with the Mishnah into the Talmud.
The Mishnah consists of six orders ("sedarim"),
each containing 7-12 tractates called
masechtot, each of which is divided into
verses called mishnayot. The orders
include: Zeraim ("Seeds"), dealing with
agricultural laws and prayers, Moed
("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of
the Sabbath and the Festivals, Nashim
("Women"), concerning marriage and
divorce, Nezikin ("Damages"), dealing with
civil and criminal law, Kodashim ("Holy
things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the
Temple, and the dietary laws, and Tohorot
("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of
purity and impurity, including the
impurity of the dead, the laws of ritual
purity for the priests (Kohanim), the laws
of "family purity" (the menstrual laws)
and others.
The word mishna (plural: mishnayot) can
also indicate a single paragraph of the
work itself, i.e., the smallest unit of
structure in the Mishnah. Thus, a number
of mishnayot make up a perek (chapter), a
number of perakim (chapters) make up a
masechet (tractate), a number of masechtot
(tractates) make up a seder (order) and
the term Shas (an acronym for Shisha
Sedarim - the "six orders") may refer to
the complete Mishnah.[3] Common modern
editions of the Talmud have each mishnah
followed by its associated Gemara
commentary. Then, the next Mishnah, often
only a few lines or short paragraph,
followed by the commentary relevant to
that Mishnah which may be pages long, and
so on, until that particular tractate of
Mishnah is completed. There may be many
chapters of Mishnah (Ma'sechta) in any
given tractate. |
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